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推荐整理分享OPENCV多种模板匹配使用对比(opencv模板匹配多目标旋转),希望有所帮助,仅作参考,欢迎阅读内容。
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前文简单提到模板匹配中的一种:NCC多角度模板匹配,博主结合实际的检测项目(已落地)发现其准确率和稳定性有待提升,特别是一些复杂背景的图形,又或是模板选取不当都会造成不理想的效果;同时也借鉴过基于梯度变化的匹配策略,但要说落实到实际项目上去总是差强人意(可能也是鄙人技术不够,哈哈);所以博主今天分享另外两种比较适用的匹配方式!
1). 当图像中存在完整且容易提取的外形轮廓时,shapematch形状匹配不失为一种简单快捷的方法,不需要额外去按照固定角度旋转图像来搜索图像,亦不需要担心模板图像旋转后的留白区域影响匹配得分,按照固定的模式来操作即可:
使用Opencv已有方法MatchShapes进行匹配即可,不过匹配后的重心和角度 需要做进一步处理,重心计算公式:
//获取重心点Moments M = Cv2.Moments(bestcontour);double cX = (M.M10 / M.M00);double cY = (M.M01 / M.M00);角度计算公式:
//-90~90度//由于先验目标最小包围矩形是长方形 //因此最小包围矩形的中心和重心的向量夹角为旋转RotatedRect rect_template = Cv2.MinAreaRect(imgTemplatecontours);RotatedRect rect_search = Cv2.MinAreaRect(bestcontour);//两个旋转矩阵是否同向float sign = (rect_template.Size.Width - rect_template.Size.Height) * (rect_search.Size.Width - rect_search.Size.Height);float angle=0;if (sign > 0)// 可以直接相减 angle = rect_search.Angle - rect_template.Angle;elseangle = (90 + rect_search.Angle) - rect_template.Angle;if (angle > 90)angle -= 180;测试效果如下:
0度:
-30度:
50度:
如同为shapematch形状匹配方式,测试时间约40毫秒左右,当然这个也会与图像大小与轮廓大小相关,不管也可以通过构建金字塔模型来加快搜索速度。
2). 下面来针对NCC归一化模板匹配做一下简单说明,NCC有几种不同的匹配模式,分别为:
关键的匹配方法如下:
for (int i = 0; i <= (int)range / step; i++) { newtemplate = ImageRotate(model, start + step * i, ref rotatedRect, ref mask); if (newtemplate.Width > src.Width || newtemplate.Height > src.Height) continue; Cv2.MatchTemplate(src, newtemplate, result, matchMode, mask); Cv2.MinMaxLoc(result, out double minval, out double maxval, out CVPoint minloc, out CVPoint maxloc, new Mat()); if (double.IsInfinity(maxval)) { Cv2.MatchTemplate(src, newtemplate, result, TemplateMatchModes.CCorrNormed, mask); Cv2.MinMaxLoc(result, out minval, out maxval, out minloc, out maxloc, new Mat()); } if (maxval > temp) { location = maxloc; temp = maxval; angle = start + step * i; modelrrect = rotatedRect; } }为了提高匹配速度,可使用金字塔下采样-》上采样来完成:
//对模板图像和待检测图像分别进行图像金字塔下采样 for (int i = 0; i < numLevels; i++) { Cv2.PyrDown(src, src, new Size(src.Cols / 2, src.Rows / 2)); Cv2.PyrDown(model, model, new Size(model.Cols / 2, model.Rows / 2)); } Rect cropRegion = new CVRect(0, 0, 0, 0); for (int j = numLevels - 1; j >= 0; j--) { //为了提升速度,直接上采样到最底层 for (int i = 0; i < numLevels; i++) { Cv2.PyrUp(src, src, new Size(src.Cols * 2, src.Rows * 2));//下一层,放大2倍 Cv2.PyrUp(model, model, new Size(model.Cols * 2, model.Rows * 2));//下一层,放大2倍 } location.X *= (int)Math.Pow(2, numLevels); location.Y *= (int)Math.Pow(2, numLevels); modelrrect = new RotatedRect(new Point2f((float)(modelrrect.Center.X * Math.Pow(2, numLevels)),//下一层,放大2倍 (float)(modelrrect.Center.Y * Math.Pow(2, numLevels))), new Size2f(modelrrect.Size.Width * Math.Pow(2, numLevels), modelrrect.Size.Height * Math.Pow(2, numLevels)), 0); CVPoint cenP = new CVPoint(location.X + modelrrect.Center.X, location.Y + modelrrect.Center.Y);//投影到下一层的匹配点位中心 int startX = cenP.X - model.Width; int startY = cenP.Y - model.Height; int endX = cenP.X + model.Width; int endY = cenP.Y + model.Height; cropRegion = new CVRect(startX, startY, endX - startX, endY - startY); cropRegion = cropRegion.Intersect(new CVRect(0, 0, src.Width, src.Height)); Mat newSrc = MatExtension.Crop_Mask_Mat(src, cropRegion); //每下一层金字塔,角度间隔减少2倍 step = 2; //角度开始和范围 range = 20; start = angle - 10; bool testFlag = false; for (int k = 0; k <= (int)range / step; k++) { newtemplate = ImageRotate(model, start + step * k, ref rotatedRect, ref mask); if (newtemplate.Width > newSrc.Width || newtemplate.Height > newSrc.Height) continue; Cv2.MatchTemplate(newSrc, newtemplate, result, TemplateMatchModes.CCoeffNormed, mask); Cv2.MinMaxLoc(result, out double minval, out double maxval, out CVPoint minloc, out CVPoint maxloc, new Mat()); if (double.IsInfinity(maxval)) { Cv2.MatchTemplate(src, newtemplate, result, TemplateMatchModes.CCorrNormed, mask); Cv2.MinMaxLoc(result, out minval, out maxval, out minloc, out maxloc, new Mat()); } if (maxval > temp) { //局部坐标 location.X = maxloc.X; location.Y = maxloc.Y; temp = maxval; angle = start + step * k; //局部坐标 modelrrect = rotatedRect; testFlag = true; } } if (testFlag) { //局部坐标--》整体坐标 location.X += cropRegion.X; location.Y += cropRegion.Y; } }为了提高匹配得分,当图片与模板都进行一定角度旋转后,会产生无效区域,影响匹配效果,此时我们需要创建掩膜图像.
/// <summary> /// 图像旋转,并获旋转后的图像边界旋转矩形 /// </summary> /// <param name="image"></param> /// <param name="angle"></param> /// <param name="imgBounding"></param> /// <returns></returns> public static Mat ImageRotate(Mat image, double angle,ref RotatedRect imgBounding,ref Mat maskMat) { Mat newImg = new Mat(); Point2f pt = new Point2f((float)image.Cols / 2, (float)image.Rows / 2); Mat M = Cv2.GetRotationMatrix2D(pt, -angle, 1.0); var mIndex = M.GetGenericIndexer<double>(); double cos = Math.Abs(mIndex[0, 0]); double sin = Math.Abs(mIndex[0, 1]); int nW = (int)((image.Height * sin) + (image.Width * cos)); int nH = (int)((image.Height * cos) + (image.Width * sin)); mIndex[0, 2] += (nW / 2) - pt.X; mIndex[1, 2] += (nH / 2) - pt.Y; Cv2.WarpAffine(image, newImg, M, new CVSize(nW, nH)); //获取图像边界旋转矩形 Rect rect = new CVRect(0, 0, image.Width, image.Height); Point2f[] srcPoint2Fs = new Point2f[4] { new Point2f(rect.Left,rect.Top), new Point2f (rect.Right,rect.Top), new Point2f (rect.Right,rect.Bottom), new Point2f (rect.Left,rect.Bottom) }; Point2f[] boundaryPoints = new Point2f[4]; var A = M.Get<double>(0, 0); var B = M.Get<double>(0, 1); var C = M.Get<double>(0, 2); //Tx var D = M.Get<double>(1, 0); var E = M.Get<double>(1, 1); var F = M.Get<double>(1, 2); //Ty for(int i=0;i<4;i++) { boundaryPoints[i].X = (float)((A * srcPoint2Fs[i].X) + (B * srcPoint2Fs[i].Y) + C); boundaryPoints[i].Y = (float)((D * srcPoint2Fs[i].X) + (E * srcPoint2Fs[i].Y) + F); if (boundaryPoints[i].X < 0) boundaryPoints[i].X = 0; else if (boundaryPoints[i].X > nW) boundaryPoints[i].X = nW; if (boundaryPoints[i].Y < 0) boundaryPoints[i].Y = 0; else if (boundaryPoints[i].Y > nH) boundaryPoints[i].Y = nH; } Point2f cenP = new Point2f((boundaryPoints[0].X + boundaryPoints[2].X) / 2, (boundaryPoints[0].Y + boundaryPoints[2].Y) / 2); double ang = angle; double width1=Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(boundaryPoints[0].X- boundaryPoints[1].X ,2)+ Math.Pow(boundaryPoints[0].Y - boundaryPoints[1].Y,2)); double width2 = Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(boundaryPoints[0].X - boundaryPoints[3].X, 2) + Math.Pow(boundaryPoints[0].Y - boundaryPoints[3].Y, 2)); //double width = width1 > width2 ? width1 : width2; //double height = width1 > width2 ? width2 : width1; imgBounding = new RotatedRect(cenP, new Size2f(width1, width2), (float)ang); Mat mask = new Mat(newImg.Size(), MatType.CV_8UC3, Scalar.Black); mask.DrawRotatedRect(imgBounding, Scalar.White, 1); Cv2.FloodFill(mask, new CVPoint(imgBounding.Center.X, imgBounding.Center.Y), Scalar.White); // mask.ConvertTo(mask, MatType.CV_8UC1); //mask.CopyTo(maskMat); //掩膜复制给maskMat Cv2.CvtColor(mask, maskMat, ColorConversionCodes.BGR2GRAY); Mat _maskRoI = new Mat(); Cv2.CvtColor(mask, _maskRoI, ColorConversionCodes.BGR2GRAY); Mat buf = new Mat(); //# 黑白反转 Cv2.BitwiseNot(_maskRoI, buf); Mat dst = new Mat(); Cv2.BitwiseAnd(newImg, newImg, dst, _maskRoI); //Mat dst2 = new Mat(); //Cv2.BitwiseOr(buf, dst, dst2); return dst; }这个时候准备工作就完成的差不多,当然关于匹配精度(亚像素处理)这个地方就不做说明了,参考前文即可。测试的效果图如下:
0度:
25度:
-35度:
3). 在NCC模式的基础上,同是结合shapematch,衍生出另外一种匹配方式:canny模板匹配,大家可以理解为先创捷canny图模板,然后再使用MatchTemplate方法,同时加入金字塔搜索策略。
创建Canny模板:
/// <summary> /// 创建Canny模板图像 /// </summary> /// <param name="src"></param> /// <param name="RegionaRect"></param> /// <param name="thresh"></param> /// <param name="temCannyMat"></param> /// <returns></returns> public Mat CreateTemplateCanny(Mat src,Rect RegionaRect,double thresh,ref Mat temCannyMat, ref double modelX, ref double modelY) { Mat ModelMat = MatExtension.Crop_Mask_Mat(src, RegionaRect); Mat Morphological = Morphological_Proces.MorphologyEx(ModelMat, MorphShapes.Rect, new OpenCvSharp.Size(3, 3), MorphTypes.Open); Mat binMat = new Mat(); Cv2.Threshold(Morphological, binMat, thresh, 255, ThresholdTypes.Binary); temCannyMat = EdgeTool.Canny(binMat, 50, 240); Mat dst = ModelMat.CvtColor(ColorConversionCodes.GRAY2BGR); CVPoint cenP = new CVPoint(RegionaRect.Width / 2, RegionaRect.Height / 2); modelX = RegionaRect.X + RegionaRect.Width / 2; modelY = RegionaRect.Y + RegionaRect.Height / 2; Console.WriteLine(string.Format("模板中心点位:x:{0},y:{1}", RegionaRect.X + RegionaRect.Width / 2, RegionaRect.Y + RegionaRect.Height / 2)); dst.drawCross(cenP, Scalar.Red, 20, 2); return dst; }模板图:
测试效果图如下:
4)通过以上三种对比可发现,它们各有优缺点,shapematch形状匹配强调物体外形的完整性,操作简单,不需要额外构建掩膜和角步循环;NCC不需要选取这个物体来制作模板,只需要前景与背景有一定的区分即可,但是整体匹配效果一般,一些复杂的环境下可能会得不到想要的效果;Canny模板匹配结合了前面2中的部分优点,既可选取物体的局部特征,同时又有NCC匹配方法和策略;大家可以结合实际的项目,选取合适的方法达到最优的效果即可;当然网络上还有一些学术上更优更稳定的方法,如:基于梯度变化的模板匹配,大家也可以尝试一下,反正博主能力有限测试的时候没有达到想要的效果,特别是一些复杂的图像和尺寸较大的图像,测试的结果差强人意,同时实际的项目对于效率的要求也比较高,我们也不可能舍近求远,选择相对合适的即可。同时期待有共同兴趣的大佬们一起来探索发现和指正,大家共同进步。
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